Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves only one parent and does not involve the fusion of gametes.

    The methods of asexual reproduction in plants include vegetative propagation, budding, fragmentation, and spore formation.

Vegetative propagation is a method of asexual reproduction where new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the plant such as roots, stems, and leaves.

Examples of vegetative propagation include potatoes (tubers), onions (bulbs), ginger (rhizomes), and strawberries (runners).

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.

Yeast is commonly known to reproduce by budding.

Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent.

An example of an organism that reproduces by fragmentation is algae like Spirogyra.

Spore formation is a method of asexual reproduction where reproductive cells called spores develop into new individuals without the fusion of gametes.

Fungi like bread mold (Rhizopus) and ferns reproduce by spore formation.

Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, which develops into a new organism.

The main parts of a flower involved in reproduction are sepals, petals, stamens (male reproductive part), and pistil/carpel (female reproductive part).

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.

The types of pollination are self-pollination and cross-pollination.

Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.

Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species.

Common agents of pollination include wind, water, insects, birds, and animals.

Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes in plants to form a zygote.

After pollination, the pollen tube grows from the pollen grain on the stigma to the ovule in the ovary. The male gamete travels through the pollen tube to fuse with the female gamete, forming a zygote.

The zygote develops into an embryo within the seed.

The parts of a seed include the seed coat, embryo, and stored food (cotyledons).

Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant when provided with the right conditions (water, oxygen, and suitable temperature).

Reproduction is important for plants as it ensures the continuation of species and introduces genetic diversity, which is crucial for adaptation and evolution.

Artificial vegetative propagation is a method where humans use techniques like cutting, layering, and grafting to grow new plants from parts of existing plants.

An example of cross-pollination is bees pollinating flowers.